TENSES

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

Countable nouns adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung, yang dapat menunjukkan kuantitas atau jumlah, contohnya kata benda pen dapat dihitung one, two, atau three pens.

Contoh kata benda yang dapat dihitung: cat, dog, man, baby, person, animal, bottle, box, coin, cup, plate, table, chair, bag, glass, book, house, etc. Benda-benda yang ada di sekitar kita umumnya adalah benda yang dapat dihitung.

Contoh countable nouns dalam kalimat:
- We could see a ship in the distance.
- I have to brothers, John and Mark.
- I've got a problem with the car.
- Do you like these photos?
- I'm going out for five minutes.

Uncountable nouns (disebut juga mass nouns) adalah kebalikan dari countable nouns, yaitu kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, contohnya kata benda water. Kata benda tersebut tidak bisa dikatakan a water atau two water, tetapi lebih tepat digunakan bersama dengan kata benda lainnya yang dapat dihitung, misalnya a glass of water atautwo glass of water.

Contoh kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung: sand, air, rice, sugar, cheese, tea, coffee, advice, assistance, fun, money, music, art, love, etc.

Contoh uncountable nouns dalam kalimat:
- Can I have some water?
- Shall we sit on the grass?
- The money is much better in my new job.
- I love music.
- Would you like some coffee?

Perhatikan beberapa catatan mengenai countable dan uncountable nouns di bawah ini.

Much dan many yang sama-sama berarti banyak, biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah pada countable dan uncountable nouns. Many digunakan untuk countable nounsdan terletak mendahuluinya, sedangkan much digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- How many years have you lived in Surabaya?
- She didn’t have much fun at the Tunjungan Plaza.
- I haven't got many pens.
- I haven't got much rice.

Number dan amount mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu jumlah atau sejumlah. Numberdigunakan untuk countable nouns, sedangkan amount untuk uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- My teacher gives me a large number of assignments.
- My teacher gives me a large amount of homework.
- We have been friends for a number of years.
-They give us an amount of money.

Few dan little mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu sedikit. Few digunakan untuk countable nouns, sedangkan little digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- The party has attended by a few men.
- There is only a little milk on the table.
- I've got a few dollars.
- I've got a little money.
- Few people understand the difference.

Fewer dan less mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu sedikit. Fewer digunakan untukcountable nouns, sedangkan less digunakan untuk uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- This kind of job will give you fewer dollars.
- He pays me less money than I thought.
- Fewer birds came this year.
- Doctors recommend eating less salt.

Some dan any mempunyai arti yang sama yaitu beberapa, biasa digunakan untuk menyatakan jumlah tak tentu pada countable nouns (plural) atau uncountable nouns.
Contoh:
- I've got some money.
- Have you got any rice?
- I've got some dollars.
- Have you got any pens?


Countable nouns dapat berbentuk singular maupun plural.
- My cat is playing.
- My cats are hungry.

Countable nouns yang singular dapat didahului dengan kata this, that, every, each, either, dan neither, sedangkan yang plural biasanya didahului kata these, those, some, any, enough, dan zero article. Lihat juga catatan dan contoh di atas.

Umumnya, uncountable nouns tidak dapat dibuat menjadi plural, kecuali jika disertai oleh jenis kata lainnya.
- There are new wines being introduced every day.
- The waters of the Atlantic are much warmer this time of year.
- The Dutch are famous for their cheeses.

Countable nouns dapat diawali oleh a, an (indefinite article) untuk singular dan the(definite article) untuk singular maupun plural.

Jika countable nouns berbentuk singular, maka penggunaan kata seperti a, an, the, my, this, dsb. harus digunakan.
 (tidak bisa dikatakan I want orange.)
 (tidak bisa dikatakan Where is bottle?)

Tetapi, jika countable nouns berbentuk plural, maka kata benda itu dapat berdiri sendiri:
- I like oranges.
- Bottles can break.

Terkadang uncountable nouns diperlakukan singular yang akhirnya juga menggunakan verba singular.


 tidak umum dipakai pada uncountable nouns.



Jadi, harus diberi kata keterangan di depannya. Perhatikan contoh lainnya berikut ini.





 juga sering digunakan tanpa article (zero article)
- Poetry is beautiful.
- Sugar is sweet.
- Experience is the best teacher.

 dapat didahului dengan kata some, any, enough, this, that, danmuch. Dan karena bukan countable nouns maka tidak dapat didahului dengan katathese, those, every, each, either, and neither. Lihat lagi catatan dan contoh di atas.

Merupakan hal yang penting untuk mengetahui apakah suatu kata benda itu termasuk dalam countable nouns atau uncountable nouns. Hal ini akan memudahkan kita untuk mengenali jenis kata apa saja yang dapat diletakkan di sekitarnya

TIME

PREPOSITION OF PLACE

EXPRESSING GRATITUDE

EXPRESS GRATITUDE

·         Thanking someone

o    Thanks.

o    Thank you.

o    Thanks a lot.

o    Thank you very much.

o    Thank you very much indeed.

o    It was very kind of you.

o    I appreciate your help.

o    You’ve been very helpful.

Thanking someone who tires to help

§  Thanks anyway.

§  Thank you for (looking).

§  Thanks for (trying).

§  It doesn’t matter. Thanks.

§  Never mind. Thanks.

Responding to thanks

§  You’re welcome. (US)

§  Not at all. (formal, UK)

§  Don’t mention it.

§  (It’s) my pleasure.

§  It was nothing.

§  That’s alright/OK.

§  No problem.

§  Any time.

DESCRIBING PEOPLE

Describing People

Cut out some pictures of people from magazines - pop stars, sportsmen, TV stars.
Exercises:

1.     Use the lists below to describe their appearance or how they look.

2.     Pairs work: one student can write down a description from a picture and the other student must guess who it is.

3.     Describe yourself, another student, your Teacher.

Height	Build	Age
tall, tallish, short, shortish, medium height	frail, stocky, slim, thin, plump, fat, skinny, well-built	young, elderly, middle-aged, teenager, in 20s, 30s, 40s

Face	Eyes	Hair	Clothes
round, oval, square, with scares, wrinkles, freckles, sun-tanned, pale	big round blue eyes, large, small, bright, narrow	bald, straight, curly, spiky, wavy	casual, scruffy, shabby, smart, tidy, messy

---

Describing Character - What's he like? Is she nice?

Exercises:

1.     Use the words below to describe what your friends, family and teachers are like.

2.     In pairs: one student writes down a description and the other student must guess who it is.

careful, hard-working, worried, cheerful, broadminded, active, curious, secretive

aggressive, tough, careless, practical, sensible, independent, strong-minded, stupid

dull, boring, imaginative, ambitious, crafty, sensitive, gentle, naive

generous, loyal, self-controlled, moody, trusting, modest, tolerant, friendly

energetic, confident, selfish, shy, stubborn, reliable, clumsy, intelligent

ULANGAN LESSON 1

Complete the dialogs below with proper expression.

1.      Ratih    : Hi, Mary

Mary    :_________________________

2.      Ali       : Good Morning, Sir.

Ahmad :_________________________

3.      Maryam:_________________________

Aisyah : see you.

4.      Khadijah: how are you, Zahira?

Zahira  :_________________________

5.      Azka    :_______________, dad. ____________________, Mom.

Mr.and Mrs. Ahmed: Good night sweet dreams.

Complete the sentences with ‘be’ (am, is, are) correctly.

6.      Mia___________ a students

7.      Rani and sinta _______________ my classmates.

8.      That man _____________ not my uncle

9.      I ___________ not only child in my family.

10.  __________ the students in the laboratory?

11.  __________ Andi at home?

12.  We _________ not from the same elementary school.

13.  _____________ your father and mother at home?

14.  What _________ your name?

15.  They __________ a boy

Read the text below then answer the question.

Ahmed is a boy. His complete name is Ahmed As Sidiqi. He was born in Yogyakarta on March 11^th 2001. He lives at Pandu Street. He s a moeslem. He studies at Muhammadiyah 3 Junior High School of Yogyakarta. He is 150 centimeters tall. His hair is short and wavy. His eyes are black. He is 30 kilograms. His father is Mr. Ali. He is a civil servant. His mother is Mr. Amrin. She is a lecture. Ahmed has two brothers and one sister. They are Arkhan, Azka, and Fatima.

16.  Who is the boy?

________________________________

17.  Where is his address?

________________________________

18.  How is his hair?

________________________________

19.  Who is Mrs. Amrin?

________________________________

20.  Is Mr. Ali a lecture?

________________________________

21.  How many sibling does Ahmed have?

________________________________

Fill the blank with correct answer

22.  What is your name?

________________________________

23.  Where were you born?

________________________________

24.  When were you born?

________________________________

25.  What is your ambition?

­________________________________

26.  What is your nationality?

________________________________

27.  How many sister/ brother do you have?

________________________________

28.  Where do you live?

________________________________

29.  What is your father/mother job?

________________________________

30.  How old are you?

________________________________

Translate into English!

31.  Selamat pagi    :______________________

32.  Selamat sore    :______________________

33.  Selamat malam :______________________

34.  Apa kabar        :______________________

35.  Sampai jumpa  :______________________

36.  18                    :______________________

37.  80                    :______________________

38.  Maret               :______________________

39.  Agustus            :______________________

40.  Desember        :______________________

41.  Hari                 :______________________

42.  Bulan               :______________________

43.  Tahun              :______________________

44.  Minggu            :______________________

45.  Kamis              :______________________

46.  Selasa              :______________________

PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns.
Every pronoun must have a clear antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands).

KINDS OF PRONOUNS

A.   Personal Pronouns:  

SINGULAR				PLURAL
	subjective	objective	possessive	subjective	objective	possessive
1st person	I	me	my, mine	we	us	our, ours
2nd person	you	you	your, yours	you	you	your, yours
3rd person	he she it	him her it	his her,  hers its	they	them	their, theirs

                 

Personal pronouns have the following characteristics:

1.  three persons (points of view)        1st person - the one(s) speaking  (I  me my  mine  we  us our ours)        2nd person - the one(s) spoken to  (you your yours)        3rd person - the one(s) spoken about  (he  him  his  she her hers  it  its  they  their  theirs)            Examples           2.  three genders        feminine  (she  her  hers)        masculine (he  him  his)        neuter  (it its  they them their theirs)            Examples              3.  two numbers        singular (I  me  my  mine  you  your  yours  he  him  his  she  her  hers it its)        plural  (we  us  our  ours  you  your yours  they  them  their  theirs)            Examples            4.  three cases       subjective (I  you  he  she  it  we  they)       possessive  (my  mine  your  yours  his  her  hers  our  ours  their  theirs)       objective   (me  you  him  her  it  us  them)            Examples - subjective case

Examples - possessive case                           Examples - objective case            NOTE:  Because of pronoun case, the pronoun's form changes with its function in the sentence.  Follow this link to pronoun case for more information.

B.      Demonstrative Pronouns:

                             

                   

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as determiners.

Example:

Hand me that hammer. (that describes the noun hammer)

                           

Demonstrative pronouns can also be used as qualifiers:

Example:

She wanted that much money? (that describes the adjective much)

                   

C. Reflexive / Intensive Pronouns :  the "self" pronouns

         

             

These pronouns can be used only to reflect or intensify a word already there in the sentence.

              

Reflexive / intensive pronouns CANNOT REPLACE personal pronouns.

                        

Examples:

I saw myself  in the mirror. (Myself is a reflexive pronoun, reflecting the pronoun I.)

I’ll do it myself. (Myself is an intensive pronoun, intensifying the pronoun I.)

                    

                    

Note:  The following words are substandard and should not be used:

                          

             theirselves       theirself          hisself         ourself

                      

                    

D. Indefinite Pronouns:

                            

Singular:

one	someone	anyone	no one	everyone
Each	somebody	anybody	nobody	everybody
(n)either	something	anything	nothing	everything

                  

        

             

Examples:

Somebody is coming to dinner.

Neither of us believes a word Harry says.

Plural:     

Examples:

Both are expected at the airport at the same time.

Several have suggested canceling the meeting.

Singular with non-countables / Plural with countables:

Examples:

Some of the dirt has become a permanent part of the rug.

Some of the trees have been weakened by the storm.

Indefinite pronouns use apostrophes to indicate possessive case.

Examples:

The accident is nobody’s fault.

How will the roadwork affect one's daily commute?

Some indefinite pronouns may also be used as determiners.

one, each, either, neither, some, any, one, all, both, few, several, many, most

Note the differences:

Each person has a chance.

(Each is a determiner describing person.)

Each has a chance.

(Each is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

Both lawyers pled their cases well.

(Both is a determiner describing  lawyers.)

Both were in the room.

(Both is an indefinite pronoun replacing a noun.)

E. Interrogative Pronouns:

Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that require more than a “yes” or “no” answer.

Examples:

What do you want?

Who is there?

F. Relative Pronouns:

Relative pronouns introduce relative (adjectival) clauses.

Note:	Use who, whom, and whose to refer to people.
	Use that and which to refer to things.